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Plecoptera of Gunnison County, Colorado
Annotated Publication List

Updated 11 Oct 2008

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A

Alexander,KD; Stewart,KW 1996a Description and theoretical considerations of mate finding and other adult behaviors in a Colorado population of Claassenia sabulosa (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 89 2, 290-296.
They studied Claassenia in the Gunnison river near Almont.

Alexander,KD; Stewart,KW 1996b The mate searching behavior of Perlinella drymo (Newman) (Plecoptera: Perlidae) in relation to drumming on a branched system. Mitteilungen Der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique Suisse 69, 121-126.

Alexander,KD; Stewart,KW 1997a Furthur considerations of mate searching behavior and communication in adult stoneflies (Plecoptera); first report of tremulation in Suwallia (Chloroperlidae). In: Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera: Biology-Ecology-Systematics. Eds: Landolt,P; Sartori,M MTL, Fribourg, 107-112.

Alexander,KD; Stewart,KW 1997b The importance of aedeagal characters in species delineation and revision of the stonefly tribe Suwalliini Surdick (Chloroperlidae). In: Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera: Biology-Ecology-Systematics. Eds: Landolt,P; Sartori,M MTL, Fribourg, 484-488.

Alexander,KD; Stewart,KW 1999 Revision of Genus Suwallia Ricker (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Transactions of American Entomological Society 125 3, 185-250. Used for this website to develop Suwallia female key Suwallia male key

Allan, J.D. 1975a. The distributional ecology and diversity of benthic insects in Cement Creek, Colorado. Ecology 56:1040-1053. Abstract

Allan, J.D. 1975b Faunal replacement: altitudinal zonation in an alpine stream. Verhandlungen der Internationale Vereinigung für Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie 19:1015-1022.
A longitudinal survey of Cement Creek in the 1970s.

Allan,JD 1978 Diet of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchell) and Brown Trout (Salmo trutta L.) in an alpine stream. Internationale Vereinigung für Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie Verhandlungen 20, 2045-2050.
    Allan studied drift and trout diets in August of 1975 in Cement Creek. Regarding Plecoptera, he found Alloperla spp (3.8% of total drift), Zapada haysi (2.1%), Kogotus modestus (.1%) and Pteronarcella badia (.1%) in the drift and in Brook and Brown Trout stomachs. Trout diets correlated with species available in the drift.

Allan,JD 1982 Feeding habits and prey consumption of three setipalpian stoneflies (Plecoptera) in a mountain stream. Ecology 63 1, 26-34. Abstract

Allan,JD 1982 The effects of reduction in trout density on the invertebrate community of a mountain stream. Ecology 63(5) 1444–1455. Abstract

Allan, J.D. 1983. Food consumption by trout and stoneflies in a Rocky Mountain stream, with comparison to prey standing crop. Pages 371-390 in Dynamics of Lotic Systems, eds. T.D. Fontaine and S.M. Bartell. Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor Publishers.

Allan,JD; Flecker,AS; McClintock,NL 1987a Prey preference of stoneflies: sedentary vs mobile prey. Oikos 49 3, 323-331.

Allan,JD; Flecker,AS; McClintock,NL 1987b Prey size selection by carnivorous stoneflies. Limnology and Oceanography 32 4, 864-872.

Allan, JD 1995 Stream Ecology: Structure and function of running waters. Chapman and Hall, London England. 400pages.



B

Banks, N. 1895 New Neuropterid Insects. Trannsactions of the American Entomological Society 22: 313-316.

Banks, N. 1897 New North american neuropteroid insects. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 24:21-31.

Banks,N 1911 Descriptions of new species of North American Neuropterid Insects. Transactions of American Entomological Society 37, 335-360.

Banks, N. 1920 New Neuropteroid insects. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 64: 299-362.

Barton, DR 1980 Benthic macroinvertebrate communities of the Athabasca river near Ft. Mackay, Alberta. Hydrobiologia 74(2) 151-160. abstract

Baumann,RW 1975 Revision of the Stonefly Family Nemouridae (Plecoptera): A study of the world fauna at the generic level. Smithsonian Contributions Zoology 211, 1-74.

Baumann,RW 1979 Nearctic stonefly genera as indicators of ecological parameters (Plecoptera:Insecta). Great Basin Naturalist 39, 241-244.

Baumann,RW; Gaufin,AR; Surdick,RF 1977 The stoneflies (Plecoptera) of the Rocky Mountains. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society 31, 1-208.
     They provide male and female keys, sometimes nymph keys as well as illustrations, geographic range, distribution and discussions. Gunnison County is in the Southern Rocky Mountains in this book. The main stonefly publication for the Rocky Mountains, you'll use it to key adults and sometimes larvae to species. A few of the species names have changed as the years go by and revisions of various genera have been published. This website (www.gunnisoninsects.org) quotes paragraphs about Gunnison County stoneflies in the references of many of our webpages.

Baumann,RW and Kondratieff, BC 2008 The Alloperla severa complex (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae) of western North America. Illiesia 2008 4(6):66-75. Abstract PDF

Bergey,EA and Ward,JV 1989 Upstream-downstream movements of aquatic invertebrates in a Rocky Mountain stream, Hydrobiologia, Volume 185( 1) 71-82. Abstract

Béthoux, O. 2005. Wing venation pattern of Plecoptera (Insecta: Neoptera). Illliesia 1: 52-81.

Borror,DJ; De Long,DM; Triplehorn,CA An Introduction to the Study of Insects. Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia, PA. Buy the latest edition from Amazon.com
     A classic, useful for all insect studies. The 7th edition has new authors Johnson and Triplehorn. This amazing book is affectionately referred to as "Boring and Too Long" by entomology wiseasses everywhere. Its long tenure as the general go-to bug reference means I had to leave the old title in this list of publications.

Bottorff,RL; Szczytko,SW; Knight,AW; Dimick,JJ 1990 Drumming behavior of four western nearctic Isoperla species (Plecoptera:Perlodidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 83 5, 991-997.

Buchwalter,DB; Cain,DJ; Martin,CA; Xie,L; Luoma,SN; Garland,JT 2008 Aquatic insect ecophysiological traits reveal phylogenetically based differences in dissolved cadmium susceptibility. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 24, 8321-8326.



C

Canton,SP; Ward,JV 1981 The aquatic insects, with emphasis on Trichoptera, of a Colorado stream affected by coal strip-mine drainage. Southwestern Naturalist 25 4, 453-460.
     They studied Trout Creek where it runs through the Edna Coal Mine in northwestern Colorado. The mine spoils were 30 meters from the edge of the creek (approximately a 100 foot buffer zone). They found the aquatic insect density (numbers per square meter) and biomass (weight in grams per square meter) did not change above and below the mine. The Shannon-Weaver Diversity index also showed no difference between sites. However the community structure (which species were present and proportions) did change. Since there were irrigation water and cattle influences at their downstream site, their results may reflect these additional water uses. They note the biggest visible change in riparian vegetation at this mine is the loss of willow and alder trees downstream of the mine. The caddisfly population changed the most between sites, shifting from a mix of families above the mine to dominance by Hydropsychidae and Glossosomatidae below the mine.
Prostoia besametsa was most common at the clean, forested, shaded, upstream site. It was probably more common here partly because it is a shredder and needs leaves to eat.

Carlisle,DM; Clements,WH 2003 Growth and secondary production of aquatic insects along a gradient of Zn contamination in Rocky Mountain streams. Journal North American Benthological Society 22(4), 582-597. Abstract and entire paper

Carlisle,DM; Clements,WH 2005 Leaf litter breakdown, microbial respiration and shredder production in metal-polluted streams. Freshwater Biology 50, 380-390.
     Discusses the effects of Zinc on several streams. Taenionema pallidum populations were reduced by metal pollution and this had a larger effect on the stream communities because no other insect filled Taenionemas shredder role in polluted streams.

Cather,MR; Gaufin,AR 1975 Life history and ecology of Megarcys signata (Plecoptera:Perlodidae), Mill Creek, Wasatch Mountains, Utah. Great Basin Naturalist 35, 1.

Claassen,PW 1924 New species of North American Capniidae (Plecoptera). Canadian Entomologist 56, 43-48, 54-57.

Claassen,PW 1931 Plecoptera nymphs of America north of Mexico. Entomological Society of America 3, 1-199.

Claassen,PW 1936 New names for stoneflies (Plecoptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 29, 622-623.

Claassen,PW 1937 New species of stoneflies (Plecoptera). Canadian Entomologist 69, 79-82.

Clements,WH 1999 Metal tolerance and predator-prey interactions in benthic macroinvertebrate stream communities. Ecological Applications 9, 1073-1084.

Clements,WH; Carlisle,DN; Lazorchak,JM; Johnson,PC 2000 Heavy metals structure benthic communities in Colorado mountain streams. Ecological Applications 10(2)626-638. Abstract
     The authors discuss the EPA's Regional Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (REMAP) data on aquatic insects among a number of mine-polluted and clean streams and rivers in Colorado.

Clubb,RW; Gaufin,AR; Lords,JL 1975 Acute cadmium toxicity studies upon nine species of aquatic insects. Environmental Research 9, 332-341.

Colburn,T 1982 Measurement of low levels of molybdenum in the environment by using aquatic insects. 29, 422-428.

Colburn,T 1986 The use of the stonefly Pteronarcys californica Newport as a measure of biologically available cadmium in a high altitude river system Colorado, USA. Water Quality Bulletin 11, 141-147.

Cummins,KW; Wilzbach,MA; Gates,DM; Perry,JB; Taliaferro,WB 1989 Leaf litter that falls into streams influences communities of stream invertebrates. BioScience 39 1, 24-30.


D


Delk,JK; Kilgore,MJ; Stark,BP 1998 Comparison of the epiproct structure of two closely related species, Sweltsa fidelis (Banks) and S. revelstoka (Jewett) (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Great Basin Naturalist 58, 3.
     They decided you can't tell the epiprocts of S. fidelis and S. revelstoka apart. Luckily for us S. revelstoka doesn't live here. Has scanning electron photomicrographs of epiprocts. Female subgenital plates are very different so they don't propose synonymy.

DeWalt,RE; Stewart,KW 1995 Life histories of stoneflies (Plecoptera) in the Rio Conejos of southern Colorado. Great Basin Naturalist 55, 1-18.

DeWalt,RE; Stewart,KW; Moulton,SR; Kennedy,JH 1994 Summer emergence of mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies from a Colorado mountain stream. Southwestern Naturalist 39 3, 249-256.

Dodds,GS; Hisaw,FL 1925 Ecological studies on aquatic insects. IV. Altitudinal range and zonation of mayflies, stoneflies and caddisflies in the Colorado Rockies. Ecology 6(4), 380-390.
     Widely cited early work on aquatic insects in Colorado. Taxonomy has changed a lot since this paper was written so here's a table with the name changes.

Figure 1 Taxonomy Translation (page 382)
Dodds and Hisaw Name 2004 Name
Alloperla pilosa same
Nemura sp. unknown
Perlodes signata Megarcys signata
Perla modesta Kogotus modestus
Alloperla lamba Sweltsa lamba
Nemura delicatula Podmosta delicatula
Leuctra occidentalis Paraleuctra occidentalis
Taenionema analis Taenionema pacificum
Paraperla frontalis same
Perla expansa Pictetiella expansa
Nemura venusta Amphinemura banksi
Arsapnia decepta Capnia decepta
Alloperla sp. unknown
Capnia brevicauda Eucapnopsis brevicauda
Taeniopteryx occidentalis Doddsia occidentalis
Perla sp. unknown
Perla modesta Kogotus modestus
Acroneuria pacifica Hesperoperla pacifica
Perla ebria Isoperla sobria
Alloperla borealis Sweltsa borealis
Isogenus elongatus Isogenoides elongatus
Alloperla pallidula Suwallia pallidula
Pteronarcella badia same
Isoperla punctata
Alloperla signata Triznaka signata
Isoperla sp. unknown


Dosdall, LM 1991 Survival of selected aquatic insects exposed to methoxychlor treatment of the Saskatchewan River system. Water Quality Research Journal of Canada. 26(1) 27-40.

Dosdall, LM; Goodwin, LR; Casey, RJ; Noton, L 1997 The effect of ambient concentrations of chlorate on survival of freshwater aquatic invertebrates. Water Quality Research Journal of Canada. 32(4) 839-854.
      This paper is mentioned in some of the PAN pesticides database http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Index.html links scattered throughout this website and on the Ambient Water Quality Guidelines for Chlorate website from Government of British Columbia, Ministry of the Environment.

Donald,DB 1980 Deformities in Capniidae (Plecoptera) from the Bow River, Alberta. Canadian Journal of Zoology 58, 682-686.

Downes,JA 1964 Arctic insects and their environment. Canadian Entomologist 96, 279-307.


Duffield,RM; Nelson,CH 1998 Stoneflies (Plecoptera) in the diet of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchell) in Libby Creek, Wyoming, USA. Hydrobiologia 380, 59-65.


E

Elmork,K; Saether,OR (1970) Distribution of invertebrates in a high mountain brook in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. University of Colorado Studies Series in Biology No 31.

F

Freilich,JE 1991 Movement patterns and ecology of Pteronarcys nymphs (Plecoptera): observations of marked individuals in a Rocky Mountain stream. Freshwater Biology 25, 379-394.

Frison,TH 1937 II. Descriptions of Plecoptera with special reference to the Illinois species. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 21 3, 78-99. Click here, then scroll down, click on this publication for instructions on how to order it.

Fuller,RL; Stewart,K,W 1977 The food habits of stoneflies (Plecoptera) in the Upper Gunnison River, Colorado. Environmental Entomology 6, 293-302.
     They studied the Gunnison River Plecoptera fauna at Lost Canyon Resort for 3 years in the early 1970's. Article from the Troutfitter website about this paper and Dr. Stewart: http://www.troutfitter.com/index.asp?PageAction=Custom&ID=4.



G

Gaufin,AR 1964 Systematic list of Plecoptera of intermountain region. Proceedings of the Utah Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 41, 221-227.
      When published this was a useful Western United States list, now you may want to refer to the North American Stonefly List maintained by Bill Stark. http://www.mc.edu/campus/users/stark/Sfly0102.htm or the website by Boris Kondratieff (coordinator). 2000. Mayflies of the United States. Jamestown, ND: Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Online. (Version 12DEC2003). http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/distr/insects/sfly/sflyusa.htm

Gray,LJ; Ward,JV 1979 Food habits of stream benthos at sites of differing food availability. American Midland Naturalist 102 1, 157-167.

Gregory,J.S., Beesley,S.S. and Van Kirk,R.W. 2000 Effect of springtime water temperature on the time of emergence and size of Pteronarcys californica in the Henry's Fork catchment, Idaho, U.S.A. Freshwater Biology 45(1) 75 Abstract



H

Hagen, HA, 1874 Report on the Pseudo-neuroptera and Neuroptera collected by Lieut. W.L. Carpenter in 1873 in Colorado. Annual Report of the U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, embracing Colorado, 7: 571-577.

Harper,PP; Lauzon,M; Harper,F 1991 Life cycles of 12 species of winter stoneflies from Quebec (Plecoptera, Capniidae and Taeniopterygidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 69 3, 787-796.

Harper,PP; Ricker,WE 1994 Distribution of Ontario Stoneflies (Plecoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario 125, 43-66.

Hynes, H.B.N. 1976. The biology of Plecoptera. Annual Review of Entomology 21: 135-153.



I



J

Jacobi,GZ; Cary,SJ 1996 Winter stoneflies (Plecoptera) in seasonal habitats in New Mexico, USA. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 15 4, 690-699.

Johnson, NF; Triplehorn, CA 2004 Borror and DeLong's Introduction to the Study of Insects 7th edition, Brooks Cole. 864 pages.



K

Kiffney,PM; Clements,WH 1993 Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by benthic invertebrates at the Arkansas River, Colorado. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 12, 1507-1517.

Kiffney,PM; Clements,WH 1994 Effects of heavy metals on a macroinvertebrate assemblage from a Rocky Mountain stream in experimental microcosms. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 13 4, 511-523.
     Quote from page 519-520: "Our results were similar to other experiments (Clements et al. 1988a, 1988b, Leland et al. 1989, Kiffney and Clements 1994) and field studies (Chadwick et al. 1986, Clements 1994; Clements, unpublished results) that have examined the effects of metals on stream macroinvertebrates. Specifically, mayflies and some stoneflies were sensitive, and caddisflies and chironomids were relatively tolerant to metal exposure. However, the sensitivity to metals differed within families, genera and across lifestages."

Knight,AW; Gaufin,AR 1966 Altitudinal distribution of stoneflies (Plecoptera) in a Rocky Mountain drainage system. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 39 4, 668-675.
      They studied stoneflies in the South Fork of the Gunnison River Drainage between 6760 and 10,770 feet. Nomenclature has changed quite a bit since this publication.

Kondratieff,BC; Baumann,RW 2002 A review of the stoneflies of Colorado with description of a new species of Capnia (Plecoptera: Capniidae). Transactions of American Entomological Society 128 3, 385-401.
     Useful current overview of Plecoptera in Colorado. Briefly refers to some nomenclature changes, habitat, distribution, other comments and useful publications about Colorado Stoneflies. This website (www.gunnisoninsects.org) quotes short paragraphs about species found in Gunnison County in the reference section of each species webpage.



L

Leiser, Eric and Robert Boyle 1990 Stoneflies for the Angler: How to Know Them, Tie Them, and Fish Them. Stackpole Books 174 pages.

Lyon,ML; Stark,BP 1997 Alloperla (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae) of western North America. Entomological News 108 5, 321-334
     The key for Alloperla, has scanning electron photomicrographs of eggs and pertinent taxonomic characters.



M

McCafferty, WP 1983 Aquatic Entomology: The Fishermens Guide and Ecologists Illustrated Guide to Insects and Their Relatives. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc. 480 pages.

Merritt,RW; Cummins,KW (Eds.) 1996 An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America. 3rd ed. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa. 862 pages.
     The best all around aquatic insect key and general reference for North America until the 2008 edition came out.

McCafferty, WP 1983 Aquatic Entomology: The Fishermens Guide and Ecologists Illustrated Guide to Insects and Their Relatives. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc. 480 pages.



N

Nebeker,AV and Gaufin,AR 1965 The Capnia columbiana complex of North America (Capniidae: Plecoptera). Transactions of the American Entomological Society 91:467-487.

Needham,JG; Claassen,PW 1925 A Monograph of the Plecoptera of North America. Entomological Society of America, Lafayette, Indiana. 397 pages.

Nelson,RC; Baumann,RW 1989 Systematics and distribution of the winter stonefly genus Capnia (Plecoptera: Capniidae) in North America. Great Basin Naturalist 49, 289-363.

Nelson,RC; Kondratieff,BC 1988 A new species of Capnia (Plecoptera: Capniidae) from the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. Entomological News 99 2, 77-80.

Nelson,SM; Roline,RA 1999 Relationships between metals and hyporheic invertebrate community structure in a river recovering from metals contamination. Hydrobiologia 397, 211-226. Abstract

Nehring,RB 1976 Aquatic insects as biological monitors of heavy metal pollution. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 15 2, 147-154.



O



P

Peckarsky, B.L. 1980 Predator-prey interactions between stoneflies and mayflies: behavioral observations. Ecology 61:932-943. Abstract

Peckarsky,BL 1987b Mayfly cerci as defense against stonefly predation: deflection and detection. Oikos 48 2, 161-170.

Peckarsky,BL 1990 Habitat selection by stream-dwelling predatory stoneflies. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, 1069-1076.

Peckarsky,BL 1991 A field test of resource depression by predatory stonefly larvae. Oikos 61 1, 3-10.

Peckarsky,BL 1991 Is there a coevolutionary arms race between predators and prey? A case study with stoneflies and mayflies. Advances in Ecology 1, 167-180.

Peckarsky,BL 1991 Mechanisms of intra- and interspecific interference between larval stoneflies. Oecologia 85, 521-529.

Peckarsky, B.L. 1996 Alternative predator avoidance syndromes of stream-dwelling mayfly larvae. Ecology 77(6), 1888-1905. Abstract

Peckarsky,BL; Cowan,CA 1991 Consequences of larval intraspecific competition to stonefly growth and fecundity. Oecologia 88, 277-288.

Peckarsky, BL; Cowan,CA; Anderson,CR. 1994 Consequences and plasticity of the specialized predatory behavior of stream-dwelling stonefly larvae. Ecology 75(1) 166–181. Abstract

Peckarsky, B.L., C.A. Cowan, M.A. Penton and C. Anderson. 1993 Sublethal consequences of stream-dwelling predatory stoneflies on mayfly growth and fecundity. Ecology 74(6):1836-1846. Abstract

Peckarsky, B.L. and S.I. Dodson. 1980. Do stonefly predators influence benthic distributions in streams? Ecology 61:1275-1282. Abstract

Peckarsky, B.L. and S.I. Dodson. 1980. An experimental analysis of biological factors contributing to stream community structure. Ecology 61:1283-1290. Abstract

Peckarsky,BL, Kerans,B; Taylor,BW and McIntosh,AR. 2008 Predator effects on prey population dynamics in open systems. Oecologia.

Peckarsky, B.L. and A.R. McIntosh 1998 Fitness and community consequences of avoiding multiple predators. Oecologia 113, 565-576. Abstract

Peckarsky, B.L. and M.A. Penton. 1985 Is predaceous stonefly behavior affected by competition? Ecology 66:1718-1728. Abstract

Peckarsky, B.L. and M.A. Penton. 1988 Why do Ephemerella nymphs scorpion posture: a "ghost of predation past"? Oikos 53:185-193.

Peckarsky, B.L. and M.A. Penton. 1989 Early warning lowers risk of stonefly predation for a vulnerable mayfly. Oikos 54:301-309.

Peckarsky, B.L. and M.A. Penton. 1989 Mechanisms of prey selection by stream-dwelling stonefly nymphs. Ecology 70:1203-1218. Abstract

Peckarsky, B.L. and M.A. Penton. 1990 Effects of enclosures on stream microhabitat and invertebrate community structure. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 9:249-261.

Peckarsky, B.L. and R. S. Wilcox. 1989 Stonefly nymphs hydrodynamic cues to discriminate between prey. Oecologia 79:265-270.

Peckarsky, B.L., C.A. Cowan, M.A. Penton and C. Anderson. 1993 Sublethal consequences of stream-dwelling predatory stoneflies on mayfly growth and fecundity. Ecology 74(6):1836-1846. Abstract

Peckarsky, B.L., C.A. Cowan and C.R. Anderson. 1994 Consequences and plasticity of the specialized predatory behavior of stream-dwelling stonefly larvae. Ecology 75(1):166-181. Abstract

Peckarsky,BL; Dodson,SI; Conklin,DJ 1985 A key to the aquatic insects of streams in the vicinity of the Rocky Mountain Biological Lab, including chironomid larvae from streams and ponds. Colorado Division of Wildlife, Denver CO. 47 pages.
     This was one of the publications that inspired me to start developing www.gunnisoninsects.org :-) Do not use the Chloroperlidae section of this key.

Peckarsky,BL; Fraissinet,PR; Penton,MA; Conklin Jr.,DJ 1990 Freshwater Macroinvertebrates of Northeastern North America. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. 442 pages. Buy from Amazon.com
     While not directly aimed at our area, it works pretty well to the genus level, useful as another tool on the shelf when identifying nymphs.

Peckarsky, B.L., S.C. Horn and B. Statzner. 1990. Stonefly predation along a hydraulic gradient: a test of the harsh-benign hypothesis. Freshwater Biology 24:1503-1514.

Peckarsky, B. L., Taylor, B. and C. C. Caudill 2000 Hydrologic and behavioral constraints on oviposition of stream insects: implications for adult dispersal. Oecologia 125:186-200. Abstract

Pennack,RW 1978 Fresh-water Invertebrates of the United States. 2nd ed. Wiley-Interscience, New York, NY. 803 pages.
     Now mostly outdated, see Merritt and Cummins 1996. Has wonderful illustrations and discussions. The current edition no longer has keys to aquatic insects.

Pennack,RW; Ward,JV 1986 Interstital faunal communities of the hyporheic and adjacent groundwater biotopes of a Colorado mountain stream. Archiv für Hydrobiologie Suppl. 74 3, 356-396.



Q



R

Rader,Rb and Belish, TA 1999 Influence of mild to severe flow alterations on invertebrates in three mountain streams. Regulated Rivers: Research & Management. 15(4)353 - 363.
     Quote: "Water abstraction (extent and timing of diversion) could be managed to minimize risks to downstream ecological resources."

Richardson,JW; Gaufin,AR 1971 Food habits of some western stonefly nymphs. Transactions of American Entomological Society 97, 91-121.
     They studied a number of rivers and streams in the Gunnison basin and Utah, providing detailed dietary information for the most common species.

Ricker, W.E. 1943. Stoneflies of Southwestern British Columbia. Indiana University Publications, Science Series 12 145 pages, Bloomington, Indiana.

Ricker, W.E. 1952. Systematic studies in Plecoptera. Indiana University Publications, Science Series 18, 200 pages, Bloomington, Indiana.

Ruse,LP; Herrmann,SJ 2000 Plecoptera and Trichoptera species distribution related to environmental characteristics of the metal-polluted Arkansas River, Colorado. Western North American Naturalist 60 1, 57-65.



S

Sandberg,JB; Stewart,KW 2001 Drumming behavior and life history notes of a high-altitude Colorado population of the stonefly Isoperla petersoni Needham & Christenson (Plecoptera:Perlodidae). Western North American Naturalist 61 4, 445-451.

Sandberg,JB; Stewart,KW 2003 Continued studies of drumming in North American Plecoptera; Evolutionary implications. In: Research Update on Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera. Ed: Gaino,E University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy, 73-81.
Discusses stonefly communication via drumming for a number of species including Isoperla fulva , Isoperla mormona, Isoperla sobria and Paraperla frontalis. Also has sonograms of male and female stonefly courting duets. Discusses the evolutionary implications of recent studies of drumming behavior.

Sandberg, JB; and Stewart, KW 2005 Life History of the stonefly Isogenoides zionensis (Plecoptera:Perlodidae) from the San Miguel River, Colorado. Illiesia 1(4)21-32.     http://www2.pms-lj.si/illiesia/Illiesia01-04.pdf

Sandberg,JB; Stewart,KW 2005 Vibrational communication (Drumming) of the nearctic stonefly genus Isogenoides (Plecoptera:Perlodidae). Transactions of American Entomological Society 131 1+2, 111-130.

Sandberg,JB; Stewart,KW 2005 Holomorphology and systematics of the stonefly genus Isogenoides (Plecoptera:Perlodidae). Transactions of American Entomological Society 131 3+4, 269-345.

Sandberg, JB; Stewart, KW 2006 Continued Studies of Vibrational Communication (Drumming) Of North American Plecoptera. Illiesia 2006 2(1):1-14. http://mrc.pms-lj.si/illiesia/papers/Illiesia02-01.pdf (227 Kb)
     Has sonograms of a number of species including the local I. quinquepunctata.

Shapas,TJ; Hilsenhoff,WL 1976 Feeding habits of Wisconsin's predominant lotic Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera. Great Lakes Entomologist 9, 175-188.

Sheldon,AL 1969 Comparative ecology of Arcynopteryx and Diura (Plecoptera) in a California stream. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie 69, 521-546.

Sheldon,AL 1999 Emergence patterns of large stoneflies (Plecoptera: Pteronarcys, Calineuria, Hesperoperla) in a Montana River. Great Basin Naturalist 59, 169-174.

Shepard, WD. and Stewart KW 1983 Comparative Study of Nymphal Gills in North American Stonefly Genera and a New, Proposed Paradigm of Plecoptera Gill Evolution. Miscellaneous Publications of the Entomological Society of America 13:1-57 Sometimes a used copy is available from Amazon.com
     Reviews history of describing and naming gills on the stoneflies of North America. Standarizes the terminology of gills. Suggests since function of the things we call gills appears to really be for osmoregulation that we call most of the gills on stonefly nymphs osmobranchiae. The only truly respiratory gills on stoneflies are the gills variously referred to as anal, caudal (historic terms) or subanal lobe (SL) gills found on Perlidae and Pteronarcyidae nymphs. Perlid and Pteronarcid nymphs grow more gills and more branches on their gills with sucessive instars. Many other gilled stoneflies gain gills as they grow making identifications based on gills problematic for immature specimens.

Short,RA; Ward,JV 1980 Life cycle and production of Skwala parallela (Frison) (Plecoptera:Perlodidae) in a Colorado montane stream. Hydrobiologia 69 3, 273-275.
     Now referred to as Skwala americana, Short and Ward provide life history and production data from Trout Creek in the South Platte River drainage of Colorado's Front Range.

Short,RA; Ward,JV 1981 Trophic ecology of three winter stoneflies (Plecoptera). American Midland Naturalist 105, 341-347.
They studied Zapada oregonensis, Z. cinctipes and Capnia confusa in Little Beaver Creek in North Central Colorado. Diet analysis of field caught nymphs showed that they mostly were shredders who chewed up leaves into smaller pieces.

Stanford,JA; Ward,JV 1985 The effects of regulation on the limnology of the Gunnison River: A North American case history. In: Regulated Rivers. Eds: Lillehammer,A; Saltveit,S Universitetsforlaget As., Oslo, Norway, 467-480.

Stanford,JA; Ward,JV 1989 Serial discontinuities in a Rocky Mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of Plecoptera. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 3, 169-175.

Stanger,JA; Baumann,RW 1993 A revision of the stonefly genus Taenionema (Plecoptera: Taeniopterygidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society 119 3, 171-229.
     The key for Taenionema, has diagnoses, illustrations of pertinent taxonomic characters and a proposed phylogeny.

Stark,BP; Gaufin,AR 1976a The nearctic genera of Perlidae (Plecoptera). Miscellaneous Publications of the Entomological Society of America 10, 1-80.
     Has keys, illustrations, range maps and discussions of biogeography.

Stark,BP; Gaufin,AR 1976b The nearctic species of Acroneuria (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 49 2, 221-253.
     Keys, diagnoses, illustrations.

Stark,BP; Kyzar,JW 2000 Systematics of nearctic Paraleuctra with description of a new genus (Plecoptera:Leuctridae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 144 1, 119-135.

Stark,BP; Oblad,BR; Gaufin,AR 1973 An annotated list of the Stoneflies (Plecoptera) of Colorado Part I. Entomological News 84 9, 269-277.
     Very useful historic distribution information, many nomenclature changes have occurred since this was published. Now you may want to review Kondratieff and Baumann, 2002 for additional information.

Stark, B.P. and S.W. Szczytko. 1982. Egg morphology and phylogeny in Pteronarcyidae (Plecoptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 75: 519-529.

Stark,BP; Stewart,KW 2005 Nymphs of four western nearctic Sweltsa species (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Transactions of American Entomological Society 131 1+2, 189-200.

Stark, B.P., K.W. Stewart, S.W. Szczytko, and R.W. Baumann. 1998. Common Names of Stoneflies (Plecoptera) from the United States and Canada. Ohio Biological Survey Notes 1:1-18.

Stark,BP; Szczytko,SW; Baumann,RW 1986 North American stoneflies (Plecoptera): systematics, distribution, and taxonomic references. Great Basin Naturalist 46, 383-397.
     Another useful general reference.

Stark, B.P., S.W. Szczytko, and C.R. Nelson. 1998. American stoneflies: a photographic guide to the Plecoptera. The Caddis Press. Columbus Ohio. 126 pages. Buy from Amazon.com

Stewart,KW; Abbott,JC; Bottorff,RL 1995 Drumming signals of two stonefly species: a newly discovered duet pattern in Plecoptera. Entomological News 106 1, 13-18.

Stewart,KW and Alexander,NH 2008 The nymphs of three Nemouridae species (Plecoptera) from Oregon temporary headwaters streams. Transactions of the North AMerican Entomological Society 134: 173-183.

Stewart,KW; Bottorff,RL; Knight,AW; Moring,JB 1991 Drumming of four North American euholognathan stonefly species, and a new complex signal pattern in Nemoura spiniloba Jewett (Plecoptera:Nemouridae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 84 2, 201-206.

Stewart,KW; Harper,PP 1996 Plecoptera. In: An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America. 3rd ed. Eds: Merritt,RW; Cummins,KW Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa, 217-266.
     The classic North American aquatic insect (including Stoneflies) key and reference.

Stewart,KW; Stark,BP 2002 Nymphs of North American Stonefly Genera. 2nd edition The Caddis Press, Columbus, Ohio. 510 pages.
     The best key for Stonefly nymphs to genus in North America. Excellent illustrations, straightforward identification keys and a broad literature review make this book a neccessity.

Stewart,KW; Stark,BP 2008 Chapter 14: Plecoptera. In: An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America. 4th ed. Eds: Merritt,RW; Cummins,KW; Berg,MB Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa, 311-384.

Stewart,KW; Szczytko,SW abd BP Stark 1982 Drumming behavior of four species of North American Pteronarcyidae (Plecoptera): dialects in Colorado and Alaska Pteronarcella badia. Annals Entomological Society of America 75:530-533.

Steyskal, GC 1976 Notes on the nomenclature and taxonomic growth of the Plecoptera. pp 408-410. In: A report on the fifth international symposium on Plecoptera. RW Baumann, ed. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington. 88:399-428.

Surdick,RF 1985 Nearctic Genera of Chloroperlinae (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). University of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL. 146 pages.
An early key for Chloroperlids, now use Stewart and Stark, 2002.

Surdick,RF 1995a New western nearctic Sweltsa (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 97 1, 161-177.

Szczytko,SW; Stewart,KW 1979a The genus Isoperla (Plecoptera) of western North America; holomorphology and systematics, and a new stonefly genus Cascadoperla. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society 32, 1-120.
     The key for Isoperla. Also has diagnoses and many illustrations



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Taylor,BW; Anderson,CR; Peckarsky,BL 1998 Effects of size at metamorphosis on stonefly fecundity, longevity, and reproductive success. Oecologia 114, 494-502. Abstract PDF paper
     Studying Megarcys in streams around the Rocky Mountain Biological Lab in Gothic, Colorado, they found that M. signata was protandrous (males emerge first) and females were about twice the body mass of males in both streams studied. M. signata emerged earlier and larger from a trout stream (East River) than the stoneflies from a smaller fishless tributary (Benthette Brook). Temperature did not affect size at metamorphosis. Many females from Benthette Brook were brachypterous (short-winged), while East River Megarcys females has longer wings. In 1992 East River stoneflies emerged from mid June to mid July with the peak emergence in late June. Benthette brook Megarcys emerged from early July to late August, peaking in Late July. Adults emerged at dawn between 0600 and 0800 hours until later in the season when they emerged at night (after 2200 hours). Adults became more active after dark. Manipulative experiments determined that male body mass did not affect reproductive success. Sometimes male drumming attracted females who mated immediately upon finding the male. Other times the first male to stumble on the female mated with her. Mating usually occurred within the first three days after emergence. Copulation generally lasted all night. Females who mated multiple times had lower total lifetime fecundity than females who mated once. Multiple matings reduced the lifespan of males and females. There was no evidence of parthenogenesis in unmated females. Neither sex fed on sugar water except rarely and dissections of field collected adults showed atrophied digestive tracts.

Taylor,BW; Anderson,CR; Peckarsky,BL 1999 Delayed egg hatching and semivoltinism in the Nearctic stonefly Megarcys signata (Plecoptera:Perlodidae). Aquatic Insects 21, 179-185. Abstract

Tikkanen, P., Muotka, T., Huhta, A. and Juntunen, A. 1997 The roles of active predator choice and prey vulnerability in determining the diet of predatory stonefly (Plecoptera) nymphs.- Journal of Animal Ecology 66: 36-48.



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VanWieren,BJ; Kondratieff,BC; Stark,BP 2001 A review of the North American species of Megarcys Klapálek (Plecoptera:Perlodidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 103 2, 409-427.
     Reviews all five North American species of Megarcys (M.irregularis, M. signata, M, subtruncata, M. watertoni and M. yosemite). Keys to males, females and eggs, diagnoses of each species, illustrations of male and female genitalia as well as photomicrographs of eggs are provided.

Vieira, Nicole K.M., Poff, N. LeRoy, Carlisle, Daren M., Moulton, Stephen R., II, Koski, Marci L., and Kondratieff, Boris C., 2006, A database of lotic invertebrate traits for North America: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 187, http://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ds187

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Ward,JV; Kondratieff,BC; Zuellig,RE 2002 An Illustrated Guide to the Mountain Stream Insects of Colorado. 2nd ed. University Press of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado. 219 pages. Buy from Amazon.com
     General reference for aquatic insects in the mountain running waters of Colorado. Used by classes everywhere in Colorado.

Warnick,SL; Bell,HL 1969 The acute toxicity of some heavy metals to different insects. Journal WPCF 41 2, 280-284.

Webb,DW (Ed.) 1996 Current and Selected Bibliographies on Benthic Biology. North American Benthological Society, Windsor, Ontario, Canada. 96 pages.
     This series of bibliographies helps everyone keep up on the current literature. There are more of these for many other years. They contain mostly all new citations every year with a few missed from previous years included.

Williams,MC; Lichtwardt,RW 1987 Two new Trichomycete species from Zapada spp. (Stonefly) nymphs with an unusual distribution. Mycologia 79, 473-478.
     Studies a common fungus on Plecoptera nymphs.

Winterbourn,MJ; Crowe,ALM 2001 Flight activity of insects along a mountain stream: is directional flight adaptive? Freshwater Biology 46, 1479-1489.



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Zuellig,RE; Kondratieff,BC; Rhodes,HA 2002 Benthos recovery after an episodic sediment release into a Colorado Rocky Mountain river. Western North American Naturalist 62 1, 59-72.

Zwick,P 1989 Notes on Plecoptera (18) Skwala americana (Klap lek, 1912), comb.n., the valid name for Skwala parallela (Frison, 1936). Aquatic Insects 11 3, 181-182.


Links

On this website:
Plecoptera Provisional Species List
Glossary

Other Websites:
Stonefly references from Kondratieff, Boris C. and Richard W. Baumann (coordinators). 2000. Stoneflies of the United States. Jamestown, ND: Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Online. (Version 12DEC2003). http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/distr/insects/sfly/sflyref.htm

Brown, Wendy S. 2004 Stoneflies or Plecoptera of Gunnison County, Colorado
www.gunnisoninsects.org

      

"One final paragraph of advice: Do not burn yourself out. Be as I am - a reluctant enthusiast... a part-time crusader, a half-hearted fanatic. Save the other half of yourselves and your lives for pleasure and adventure. It is not enough to fight for the land; it is even more important to enjoy it. While you can. While it is still there. So get out there and mess around with your friends, ramble out yonder and explore the forests, encounter the griz, climb the mountains. Run the rivers, breathe deep of that yet sweet and lucid air, sit quietly for a while and contemplate the precious stillness, that lovely, mysterious and awesome space. Enjoy yourselves, keep your brain in your head and your head firmly attached to your body, the body active and alive, and I promise you this much: I promise you this one sweet victory over our enemies, over those deskbound people with their hearts in a safe deposit box and their eyes hypnotized by desk calculators. I promise you this: you will outlive the bastards." -- Edward Abbey